Opioids in anaesthesia, postoperative pain and the intensive care unit: I. Opioids in perioperative period

Technology transfer for environmental 29 purposes renovation of water and gas pipelines Kajasn Toomanian Migraine in children and adolescents 33 Ali Gorji Avicenna The Iranian journal of science and culture Letter from the editor Travelling of ideas as well as scientific and cultural interaction and interpenetration recurs in human history as naturally and persistently as the emigration of birds in nature. Exchange of scientific and cultural substances lead to the enrichment and strengthening of the civilizations involved. In this context, science is the result of cooperation and communication, among scientists from different civilizations through the history. Indeed, it is not possible to divide science because it does not belong to one nation, or to one race. Nowadays, the unstoppable destruction of nature stemming from the ill-founded preconceptions of recent centuries threaten human livelihood. Thus, it seems the world needs more sincere cooperation between scientists and scholars from different civilizations to seeking new measurements to prevent the harmful manners and substitute those with new and beneficial methods. Our aims to publish Avicenna are to improve and facilitate the level of scientific communications, to increase the engagement of scientific communities in the dialogue on different fields of science, and to facilitate collaboration among scientists, and scholars to address critical multidisciplinary issues related to science and culture. As this journal has a readers in both Western and Eastern countries, we hope that Avicenna can be used as a bridge to connect the scientists of the both sides. Dialogue between scholars, scientists, artists, and thinkers from disparate civilizational domains could lead to the new and better ways of human life. Attempting to attenuation of pain, the group of opioids can be considered as compounds with an optimal benefit ratio. This is because they interact with receptors located within the spinal cord and supraspinal areas of the nociceptive system, they have negligible cardiovascular side effects, and they do not depress the function of internal organs. Opioids present an integrative part of anaesthetic regime where compounds with a high analgesic potency are used. The major side effect of opioids is respiratory depression, which can be controlled by selective antagonists such as naloxane in the postoperative period. The current state of strategies of pain management with opioids is detailed in this article. New trends and future developments are discussed. Introduction: Because both pain and fear are concomitant parts of a surgical procedure, anesthesia has become an integrated …